Aluminum and Iron Nanoparticles

BrooklynDodger(s) comment: The Dodger(s) (is) (are) lazy and failed to find the full text to get the dose level Toxicology Volume 259, Issue 3, 17 May 2009, Pages 140-148

Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd All rights reserved.

Retrospective analysis of 4-week inhalation studies in rats with focus on fate and pulmonary toxicity of two nanosized aluminum oxyhydroxides (boehmite) and pigment-grade iron oxide (magnetite): The key metric of dose is particle mass and not particle surface area

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Jürgen Pauluhn^{, a,}

^aInstitute of Toxicology, Bayer Schering Pharma, Department of Inhalation Toxicology, Building no. 514, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany

Received 19 January 2009;

revised 14 February 2009;

accepted 21 February 2009.

Available online 5 March 2009.

Abstract

This paper compares the pulmonary toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of three different types of poorly soluble dusts examined in repeated rat inhalation bioassays (6 h/day, 5 days/week, 4 weeks). In these studies the fate of particles was studied during a 3–6-month postexposure period. This retrospective analysis included two types of aluminum oxyhydroxides (AlOOH, boehmite), high purity calcined, and agglomerated nanosized aluminas of very low solubility with primary isometric particles of 10 or 40 nm, and synthetic iron oxide black (Fe₃O₄ pigment grade). Three metrics of dose (actual mass concentration, surface area concentration, mass-based lung burden) were compared with pulmonary toxicity characterized by bronchoalveolar lavage. The results of this analysis provide strong evidence that pulmonary toxicity (inflammation) corresponds best with the mass-based cumulative lung exposure dose. The inhalation study with a MMAD of ≈0.5 μm yielded a higher pulmonary dose than MMADs in the range of 1–2 μm, a range most commonly used in repeated exposure inhalation studies. Hence, a key premise for the dosimetric adjustment across species is that comparable lung tissue doses should cause comparable effects. From that perspective, the determination of mass-based pulmonary lung burdens appears to be amongst the most important and critical nominator of dose and dose-related pulmonary toxicity.